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Understanding the Reverse Osmosis System Principal of Operation
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane filtration process separating dissolved salts from
a water stream. In RO, not only are insoluble particles retained by the membrane
but also molecules and ions in solution. Concentration of ions near the membrane
sets up ‘polarization’ phenomena which results in an increase in the osmotic
pressure of the solution to be treated ... sometimes followed by precipitation.
The continuing flow of input water flushes the membrane, which removes the
ion concentrations and/or precipitates. By subjecting the membrane to pressures
on the order of 30 - 800 p.s.i., "pure" water is forced through the
membrane.
Unlike the natural osmosis of removing the contaminants from the water, the water is
removed from the contaminants - thus the name reverse osmosis.
RO is often used to produce fresh water from salt and/or brackish water. In
some cases, it is used to concentrate waste. RO operation requires relatively
high pressure on the inlet side to the membrane. External energy for the pressure
pump is required. Energy costs must be considered when selecting RO as the treatment
method. RO systems are not normally "water efficient" and wastewater
rejected by the system may be significant. Purchase and installation costs can
be significant.
In all cases pre-filtration including a ceramic filter element will extend the
useful life of the RO membrane.
Home to Reverse Osmosis Systems
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